The concept of spacetime, first described in Einstein’s theory of general relativity, has since been widely studied by many physicists worldwide. Spacetime is described mathematically as a four-dimensional (4D) continuum in which physical events occur, which merges three-dimensional (3D) space, with one-dimensional (1D) time.
This 4D continuum is known to continuously evolve following complex and intricate patterns that are governed by Einstein’s field equations; mathematical equations that describe how matter and energy shape spacetime. While various past theoretical studies explored the evolution of spacetime, identifying patterns that persist during its evolution has proved challenging so far.
Researchers at Adolfo Ibáñez University in Chile and Columbia University set out to explore the evolution of spacetime using ideas rooted in nonlinear electrodynamics, an area of physics that studies the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in complex materials.
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How can drones help find buried water on Mars? This is what a recent study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets hopes to address as a team of scientists investigated how ground-penetrating radar installed on drones could be used to find buried water ice on Mars. This study has the potential to help scientists develop new methods for helping future astronauts on Mars locate accessible resources, specifically water ice, which they can use for mission essential purposes.
For the study, the researchers used a DJI Matrice 600 Pro drone and a MALA Geodrone radar to search for buried water ice in Sourdough rock glacier (RG), Alaska, and Galena Creek RG, Wyoming with bulk glacier thicknesses of 28.5 meters (93.5 feet) and 48.6 meters (159.4 feet), respectively. The primary motivation for the study was to address a knowledge gap regarding orbital data and ground-level data for searching for water ice on Mars. This is because while Mars orbiters have found buried water ice on Mars, their radars are limited to 10–20 meters (32.8−65.6 feet) beneath the surface. In the end, the researchers compared their findings with previous data from drillings and ice cores and discovered a match, indicating their drone experiment to identify buried water ice worked.
“We are filling the gap between today’s orbital observations and a more distant future, where astronauts land on Mars and make observations on the ground,” said Roberto Aguilar, who is a PhD student at University of Arizona and lead author of the study. “This gives us a way to investigate the glaciers now, from the air.”
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The gauge bosons of the standard model of particle physics are responsible for 3 of the 4 known forces in the universe. A force is conferred is through the exchange of virtual bosons. So for example in electromagnetism, an exchange of virtual photons results in an exchange of momentum which results in two like charges repelling each other.
Gravity is missing from this picture because in General relativity, gravity is not a force, but is a curvature of space-time. The problem is that stars and planets are made of molecules, atoms and radiation. And the forces that hold the atoms together are due to discrete units of virtual particles. It is the exchange or swapping of these virtual bosons that holds or breaks up atoms and molecules.
Quantum mechanics conflicts with general relativity, because QM treats every thing as being discrete, and GR treats everything as being continuous. We need a theory that combines the two because we live in one reality, not two different realities.
This is why most physicists believe General relativity is incomplete. Why can’t quantum mechanics be the one that is incomplete? Of the 4 fundamental forces, 3 have very robust quantum mechanical theories. Only gravity lacks a quantum description. Quantum mechanics also has almost all of classical physics within in its limits. Classical physics like general relativity, does not have quantum effects. We have learned is that Quantum physics is the fundamental language of reality.
One way to quantize gravity is to quantize space-time itself. This is what loop quantum gravity or LQG does. It shows that the fabric of space-time is not continuous, but is made up of discrete quanta, like the pixels on a TV screen. This is different than string theory, because in string theory, space is the background or the canvas, on which strings vibrate.
Dimension Zero takes a closer look at sci-fi civilizations through the lens of the Kardashev scale. We explore crucial facts about how different fictional societies would rank, from Type Zero to Type One and beyond. This examination provides a science fiction perspective on future energy and expansion into space. #startrek #starwars #stargate #celestials #dimensionzero …
The interiors of ice giant planets like Uranus and Neptune could be home to a previously unknown state of matter, according to new computational simulations by Carnegie’s Cong Liu and Ronald Cohen. Their work, published in Nature Communications, predicts that a quasi-one-dimensional superionic state of carbon hydride exists under the extreme pressures and temperatures found deep inside these outer solar system bodies.
More than 6,000 exoplanets have been discovered. As this number grows, astronomers, planetary scientists, and Earth scientists are crossing disciplinary boundaries—combining observation, experimentation, and theory—to define and probe the factors that help us understand the dynamic processes that shape them, including the generation of magnetic fields.
As such, interest has grown in understanding the processes that are occurring deep beneath the surfaces of planets and moons in our own solar system, which can inform our understanding of planetary dynamics, and even planetary habitability in more-distant neighborhoods.
The closest planet to our sun, Mercury, experiences extreme temperature variations. Since the planet has no atmosphere to speak of, it is in a constant cycle where one side is extremely hot and the other extremely cold. On the sun-facing side, temperatures reach a scorching 427°C (800°F), enough to melt tin and lead, and the surface is exposed to extremely lethal levels of radiation. On the night side, temperatures plunge)] to a chilling −173°C (−279.4°F), cold enough to freeze most liquids, including those used in battery manufacturing.
All of this makes exploring Mercury’s surface very challenging. On the one hand, a rover would be subject to interference from the sun’s radiation on the sun-facing side and would likely melt down. On the other hand, a solar-powered rover cannot operate on the night side, and a battery-powered vehicle would likely lose power quickly as its batteries die. But in the Terminator, the region between night and day on Mercury, temperatures are stable enough, and there is sufficient light for a solar-powered rover to study surface features and conduct science operations.
This is the proposal put forth by a research team from the Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (0HIGP) at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. The team included Mari Murillo, a Planetary Science Ph.D. Student at HIGP, and Paul G. Lucey, a prominent researcher with HIGP and Murillo’s Ph.D. advisor. The paper detailing their proposal was presented at the 2026 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2026 LPSC).
At the heart of our sun, fusion is unfolding. As hydrogen atoms merge to form helium, they emit energy, producing the heat and light that reach us here on Earth. Inspired by our nearby star, researchers want to create fusion closer to home. If they can crack the engineering challenges underlying the process, they would create an abundant new source of power to eclipse all others.
One of those challenges is understanding what happens at the smallest scales during fusion reactions so that researchers can better control the process. In one of the two main kinds of fusion, inertial confinement fusion (ICF), researchers bombard a fuel-filled capsule with lasers to create shockwaves and heat and compress the target, kicking off fusion. That means lots of complex interactions that scientists haven’t been able to get a good look at — until now.
A team of researchers used a new approach at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) to watch how a shockwave moved through water in extreme detail, making a never-before-seen movie of how the material compressed and how the electric and magnetic fields evolved. They were intrigued to discover that water provided a good analog for what happens when a laser strikes an ICF target. Scientists captured the process using both X-rays and an electron beam, a unique dual view known as “multi-messenger” imaging.
Do lava flows behave the same on other planets as they do on Earth? This is what a recent study published in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research hopes to address as a team of scientists investigated new methods for predicting the lava flow behavior and how this could be applied to other planets. This study has the potential to help scientists and engineers develop novel scientific methods that can be applied both on Earth and beyond.
For the study, the researchers examined satellite data from the 2022 Mauna Loa eruption in Hawaii that lasted from November 27 to December 10. The motivation behind the study was to address a longstanding knowledge gap regarding the limitations of using individual satellite datasets for volcanic hazard response. To address this, the team analyzed satellite data from a combination of private companies and government agencies to gain insight into the entire time period of the eruption.
In the end, the researchers successfully identified an origin for the eruption along with gathering data and fresh insight on the lava flow behavior during the eruption and post-eruption activity. They note several times throughout the study that this new method could be used to study volcanic activity on Mars, Venus, and Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io, the last of which is the most volcanically active planetary body in the entire solar system that boasts hundreds of active volcanoes.
