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Category: engineering

Physicists achieve near-zero friction on macroscopic scales

For the first time, physicists in China have virtually eliminated the friction felt between two surfaces at scales visible to the naked eye. In demonstrating “structural superlubricity,” the team, led by Quanshui Zheng at Tsinghua University, have resolved a long-standing debate surrounding the possibility of the effect. Published in Physical Review Letters, the result could potentially lead to promising new advances in engineering.

When two objects slide over each other, any roughness on their surfaces will almost inevitably resist the motion, creating the force of friction. Yet in 2004, physicists showed that friction can be virtually eliminated between two graphite surfaces, simply by rotating their respective molecular structures.

Named structural superlubricity (SSL), the effect is highly desired by engineers; in principle, allowing them to eliminate wear on both surfaces and minimize energy lost as waste heat.

Ultra-thin metasurface can generate and direct quantum entanglement

Quantum technologies, devices and systems that process, store, detect, or transfer information leveraging quantum mechanical effects, have the potential to outperform classical technologies in a variety of tasks. An ongoing quest within quantum engineering is the realization of a so-called quantum internet: a network conceptually analogous to today’s internet, in which distant nodes are linked through shared quantum resources, most notably quantum entanglement.

Researchers at Nanjing University and University of Science and Technology of China have developed a new ultra-thin metasurface that could contribute to this goal, as it can control the behavior of light, while also generating and directing entanglement across many channels.

This metasurface, presented in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, has so far proved to be promising for the development of scalable and integrated quantum technologies.

Niobium’s superconducting switch cuts near-field radiative heat transfer 20-fold

When cooled to its superconducting state, niobium blocks the radiative flow of heat 20 times better than when in its metallic state, according to a study led by a University of Michigan Engineering team. The experiment marks the first use of superconductivity—a quantum property characterized by zero electrical resistance—to control thermal radiation at the nanoscale.

Leveraging this effect, the researchers also experimentally demonstrated a cryogenic thermal diode that rectifies the flow of heat (i.e., the heat flow exhibits a directional preference) by as much as 70%.

“This work is exciting because it experimentally shows, for the very first time, how nanoscale heat transfer can be tuned by superconductors with potential applications for quantum computing,” said Pramod Sangi Reddy, a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering at U-M and co-corresponding author of the study published in Nature Nanotechnology.

From organoid culture to manufacturing: technologies for reproducible and scalable organoid production

Despite the absence of a fully established regulatory framework or unified technological standard for industrial-and clinical-grade organoid biomanufacturing yet, substantial progress has been made toward building the technical and institutional infrastructure required for scalability and reproducibility. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) introduced the Good In Vitro Method Practices (GIVIMP)19, an international quality-assurance framework that defines laboratory quality systems, method qualification, reference controls, equipment calibration, and data integrity—principles that now potentially serve as quantitative benchmarks for process validation in organoid production. Complementing this, the NIH Standardized Organoid Modeling (SOM) Center was recently established to promote the development of organoid platforms that are reproducible, robust, and broadly accessible for translational biomedical and pharmaceutical research.

Expanding these standardization efforts, a recent publication introduced the Essential Guidelines for Manufacturing and Application of Organoids, delineating a systematic workflow encompassing cell sourcing, culture optimization, quality control, and biobanking logistics20. Their framework identifies organ-specific critical quality attributes (CQAs)—including growth-factor composition, morphological fidelity, and quantitative analytical metrics—and recommends standardized cryopreservation conditions (~100–200 organoids per vial) to enhance batch comparability. Likewise, a recent study established quantitative criteria for human intestinal organoid standardization, specifying cell-line provenance, minimum lineage composition thresholds (e.g., ≥30% enterocytes), and molecular marker expression profiles consistent with physiological differentiation21. Taken together, these coordinated initiatives—from international organizations to national agencies and individual laboratories—represent an emerging global framework toward reproducible, quality-controlled, and scalable organoid biomanufacturing, laying the groundwork for eventual regulatory convergence and clinical translation.

In response to these prevailing limitations and in alignment with global standardization trends, a range of engineering strategies has been developed, shifting the paradigm from organoid culture to organoid manufacturing by enabling reproducible and scalable organoid production. These strategies broadly focus on two goals: improving reproducibility by minimizing uncontrolled variation in the culture environment as well as by regulating intrinsic morphogenetic processes, and enhancing scalability by increasing productivity and throughput. To this end, recent advances can be categorized into three major domains: cellular engineering approaches that regulate morphogenetic processes through programmed cell organization; material-based strategies that establish defined and controllable environmental cues; and platform-or system-level innovations that enable high-throughput and automated workflows. Together, these innovative engineering advances mark aion toward more standardized, efficient production workflows.

Engineering immunotherapy from within

In Science last year, researchers presented a method to safely and preferentially generate CAR T cells directly inside the body using targeted lipid nanoparticles that deliver mRNA directly to T cells.

The approach showed rapid and sustained immune reprogramming in preclinical models, highlighting its promise for treating cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Learn more on WorldCancerDay.

Lipid nanoparticles are designed to generate therapeutic T cells inside living animal models.

Vivek Peche and Stephen Gottschalk Authors Info & Affiliations

Science

Continue reading “Engineering immunotherapy from within” | >

Real-time view inside microreactor reveals 2D semiconductor growth secrets

As the miniaturization of silicon-based semiconductor devices approaches fundamental physical limits, the electronics industry faces an urgent need for alternative materials that can deliver higher integration and lower power consumption. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, which are only a single atom thick, have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique electronic and optical properties. However, despite intense research interest, controlling the growth of high-quality 2D semiconductor crystals has remained a major scientific and technological challenge.

A research team led by Research Associate Professor Hiroo Suzuki from the Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering at Okayama University, Japan, together with Dr. Kaoru Hisama from Shinshu University and Dr. Shun Fujii from Keio University, has now overcome a key barrier by directly observing how these materials grow at the atomic scale. Using an advanced in situ observation system, the researchers captured real-time images of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) forming inside a micro-confined reaction space. The study was published on December 12, 2025, in the journal Advanced Science.

The work builds on earlier success by the team in synthesizing large-area monolayer TMDC single crystals using a substrate-stacked microreactor. While that method consistently produced high-quality materials, the mechanisms governing crystal growth inside the confined space were poorly understood.

Focusing and defocusing light without a lens: First demonstration of the structured Montgomery effect in free space

Applied physicists in the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have demonstrated a new way to structure light in custom, repeatable, three-dimensional patterns, all without the use of traditional optical elements like lenses and mirrors. Their breakthrough provides experimental evidence of a peculiar natural phenomenon that had been confined mostly to theory.

Researchers from the lab of Federico Capasso, the Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics and Vinton Hayes Senior Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering, report in Optica the first experimental demonstration of the little-known Montgomery effect, in which a coherent beam of light seemingly vanishes, then sharply refocuses itself over and over, in free space, at perfectly placed distances. This lensless, repeatable patterning of light could lay the groundwork for powerful new tools in many areas including microscopy, sensing, and quantum computing.

This effect had been predicted mathematically in the 1960s but never observed under controlled lab conditions. The new work underscores not only that the effect is real, but that it can be precisely engineered and tuned.

Engineering a Mechanoresponsive DNA Origami Capsule for Drug Delivery to Narrowed ArteriesClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!

Omer et al. design a DNA origami box with a lid held closed by an elastic single-stranded DNA spring. The box may selectively open in blood vessels with pathological levels of shear flow, facilitating drug delivery to sites of thrombosis while minimizing off-target toxicity. It should be noted that this paper focused entirely on the box’s design and mechanical validation (via optical tweezers) and did not perform any experiments to show drug delivery. Nonetheless, this is a good start and I’m glad to see people thinking about DNA origami for therapeutic applications. [ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04066](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04066)

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Insect salivary effectors disrupt PIEZO1-centric mechanoimmunity against piercing-sucking vectors

Huang et al. identify the mechanosensitive channel PIEZO1 as a plant immune hub that decodes insect-feeding-derived mechanical forces and Ca2+-activated defense responses. They characterize a self-amplifying immune circuit and identify that Bsp9, an evolutionarily conserved insect salivary effector, subverts this pathway. This work provides a framework for engineering plant disease resistance.

Substituting stereotactic body radiation therapy boost for brachytherapy in Mayo protocol for peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Blood vessels are less like straight pipes and more like a crowded city road map, with turns, forks, and sudden choke points that can change how traffic moves. For a long time, many lab built vessel models skipped that complexity and relied on simple, straight channels, even though real vessels rarely behave that neatly.

Researchers in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Texas A&M University are trying to close that gap with a customizable vessel-chip method. The goal is to recreate the kinds of shapes that matter in disease, so experiments on blood flow and potential treatments reflect what happens in the body more closely and can better support drug discovery.

Vessel-chips are engineered microfluidic devices that mimic human vasculature on a microscopic scale. Instead of studying blood flow in animals or oversimplified lab setups, scientists can use these chips to examine how fluid forces move through vessel-like structures in a controlled environment. Because the design can be tailored, the platform can also support patient-focused studies, which is especially useful when small differences in anatomy may affect how disease develops or how a therapy performs.

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