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Category: chemistry

Chemical impurities make carbon surfaces superslippery, researchers find

Engineers often treat impurities as a problem to eliminate to improve material performance. But new research from Osaka Metropolitan University and Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM suggests that in some cases, a little chemical messiness is exactly what helps materials slide more smoothly. The findings were published in Advanced Science.

When two surfaces slide or rub against each other, friction occurs. While friction is essential for many everyday applications, it also wears down machines, wastes energy and limits the lifespan of moving parts. Therefore, research has focused on achieving superlow friction, or superlubricity, in which surfaces can slide past one another with exceptionally low resistance.

“While graphene-or graphite-like structures are known to enable nearly frictionless sliding, creating and maintaining such structures in practical systems remains challenging,” said Takuya Kuwahara, lecturer at Osaka Metropolitan University’s Graduate School of Engineering and lead author of the study.

When a pool or pond turns green with algae, don’t reach for chemicals—nature has better solutions

When the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool turned green with algae just days after a US$15 million renovation, the U.S. government scrambled for chemicals and expensive technical solutions to fix the iconic landmark.

Trying to kill algae with chemicals is a common response when community ponds or other water features go green. But as a scientist who studies freshwater ecology, I can tell you there are better solutions that cost far less, last longer and carry less risk of harm to pets and wildlife.

Rather than battling against nature, these alternatives work with nature for long-term solutions.

What really controls water chemistry in nanoscale spaces

Water is the most studied molecule on Earth, yet a surprisingly basic question has gone unanswered for decades: When water is squeezed into gaps just a few molecules wide—as happens inside nanoscale pores, membranes and biological channels—does it become more or less chemically reactive?

This matters because water’s most fundamental chemical property is its ability to split into two charged species, H₃O⁺ (the hydronium ion) and OH⁻ (the hydroxide ion). This reaction defines the pH, a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) a solution is, and underpins all of acid-base chemistry, from how enzymes work in your cells to how electrodes function in batteries.

Through this research, the scientists wanted to understand whether (and how) confining water to nanometer-scale spaces affects this behavior.

Dead lithium batteries revived to 95% capacity via electrochemical bath

You know how rejuvenating a bath feels after a long day of work? Almost like you’re renewed. Turns out that’s not exclusive to humans. Scientists at Cornell University have developed an electrochemical bath that restores spent lithium-ion batteries to nearly 100% capacity.

Unlike conventional battery recycling methods that involve the complete physical destruction of batteries, followed by complex, energy-intensive recovery processes to extract critical battery-making materials, the scientists’ method recycles lithium-ion battery electrodes directly. Rather than breaking down structurally intact electrodes to extract materials that will make other electrodes, their approach regenerates the existing electrodes using an electrochemical solution.

The researchers say this method restored batteries to 95% of their original capacity, and even helped recycled batteries last longer. According to them, the method could also slash recycling costs by 56% while being more environmentally friendly.

Detect Dangerous Gases in Seconds With New Technology

A groundbreaking method known as coherently controlled quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy has been developed to detect and identify gases at very low concentrations rapidly.

This new technique, with promising applications in environmental monitoring, early cancer detection, and chemical process safety, allows for comprehensive gas analysis in mere seconds, a process that traditionally took much longer.

Enhanced sensitivity in trace gas detection.

Metal hydride molecule trapped with laser light opens path to ultracold hydrogen

Controlling and trapping molecules, units of a substance consisting of two or more chemically bound atoms, with laser light is significantly more challenging than trapping individual atoms. This is because molecules exhibit more complex vibrational and rotational dynamics that make them more difficult to cool and trap.

In a paper published in Physical Review Letters, researchers at Columbia University and Indiana University Bloomington reported the effective cooling and trapping of calcium monohydride (CaH), a molecule consisting of a calcium atom and a hydrogen atom bound together.

This was achieved using a three-dimensional (3D) magneto-optical trap (MOT), a device that uses carefully arranged laser beams and magnetic fields to cool and confine particles.

Scientists discover how a single cell builds a brain with 170 billion cells

How does a single cell build a brain with billions of precisely organized neurons? Researchers suggest that brain cells use their lineage—their cellular family tree—as a kind of positional map. Cells that come from the same ancestor stay near one another, helping the brain organize itself without relying solely on chemical signals.

Modular coatings customize hydrogel implants to boost adhesion and limit fibrosis

Researchers led by Jiawei Yang, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, have designed a modular system that could potentially improve hydrogel implants in the body by customizing the materials for stiffness and functionality.

The system, described in the journal Science Advances, uses coatings to treat the surface of hydrogels, which are flexible, water-loaded polymers. The researchers reported that by customizing different types of hydrogels with unique coatings, they were able to create two distinct hydrogel implants that maintained adhesion in living tissue and resisted an immune system response.

“It is difficult for a material with a single chemical composition to play two distinct roles in an implant,” Yang said. “We addressed that by developing a way to customize hydrogel implants with two sets of chemical compositions that can be tailored to address specific needs and achieve better results.”

Tiny water droplets transmutate aniline into pyridine in ambient and catalyst-free conditions

Aniline can now be transformed into pyridine without adding any catalysts, oxidants or toxic reagents. In a recent study published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, researchers achieved skeletal editing, involving the reorganization of the carbon-nitrogen bonds within an aromatic ring, by turning an aqueous solution of aniline into a mist of microdroplets.

During its millisecond-long airborne lifespan, aniline underwent rapid molecular rearrangement, inserting nitrogen into the aromatic ring and forming pyridine, driven by the uniquely active air-water interface in microdroplets. The green, reagent-free reaction converted up to 80% of the starting material into the product under ambient conditions, eliminating the added energy cost often required to carry out such conversion reactions.

By testing droplets of different sizes, charges and acidity levels, researchers found that the reaction is boosted at the droplet’s interface, a zone that is rich in protons and highly polarized. The smaller the droplet, the larger its reactive surface area relative to its volume, and the better the reaction outcome.

Ultra-precise technology can count damaged DNA fragments

The Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science has developed an ultrasensitive immunoassay-based analytical platform that can detect and quantify trace amounts of “Small Excised Damaged DNA (sedDNA)” fragments generated during cellular DNA repair. This technology enables highly sensitive detection with quantification down to the level of several thousand molecules, measuring up to 22 times more DNA fragments than conventional methods. It provides a new analytical foundation for comparing DNA repair capacity between individuals and studying cellular responses to anticancer drugs and carcinogenic agents.

Human DNA is continuously exposed to damage from ultraviolet light, chemical agents, smoking and normal metabolic processes. If such damage is not properly repaired, mutations can accumulate and lead to aging and diseases such as cancer. To maintain genomic stability, cells activate the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) system, which removes damaged DNA segments and replaces them with newly synthesized DNA. The small excised DNA fragments generated during this process serve as important indicators of DNA repair efficiency and kinetics, providing a valuable tool for studying disease mechanisms and predicting treatment responses.

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