Lifeboat Foundation

To tackle the problem, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration followed an approach, proposed in 2001, that involves squeezing the noise ellipse differently at different frequencies. This frequency-dependent squeezing is realized by coupling the interferometer to a 300-m-long “filter” cavity. Through the cavity, the team could tailor the spectrum of the squeezed state, injecting amplitude squeezing in the low-frequency region and phase squeezing in the high-frequency region, says Victoria Xu, also of MIT LIGO Lab. “This [approach] allows us to reduce the limiting forms of quantum noise in each frequency band,” she says.

The frequency-dependent approach had previously been demonstrated in tabletop systems but implementing it to mitigate radiation-pressure noise in a full-scale gravitational-wave detector was a massive engineering challenge, Xu says. An important aspect was the minimization of optical losses due to imperfect optical components or to a mismatch of the light modes propagating in the various parts of the setup—the filter cavity, the squeezer, and the interferometer. “Any loss can be seen as a ‘port’ through which regular, nonsqueezed vacuum can enter,” Barsotti says.

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration tested frequency-dependent squeezing during the commissioning of the instrument upgrades for the fourth run, comparing detector noise spectra for no squeezing, frequency-independent squeezing, and frequency-dependent squeezing. Frequency-dependent squeezing yielded similar enhancements to frequency-independent squeezing at high frequencies while eliminating the degradation below 300 Hz due to radiation-pressure noise. The team estimated that the improved noise performance would increase the distance over which mergers can be detected by 15%–18%, corresponding to up to a 65% increase in the volume of the Universe that the LIGO interferometer will be able to probe. Quantum optics specialist Haixing Miao of Tsinghua University in China says this result demonstrates an exceptional ability to manipulate quantum states of light with optical cavities but also offers an impressive demonstration that quantum measurement theory applies to the kilometer scales of a gravitational-wave detector.

Travis Gienger is a talented gourd-grower, and he’s used to earning accolades for his colossal pumpkins. Since 2020, he’s won three of the past four World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off competitions—and this year’s entry topped them all. Weighing in at 2,749 pounds, Gienger’s gourd has set a new world record for the heaviest pumpkin.

Nicknamed “Michael Jordan,” the pumpkin took the crown during the annual championship in Half Moon Bay, California, this week, reports Heidi Raschke of Minnesota Public Radio (MPR). It easily beat out last year’s champion—Gienger’s own 2,560-pounder, which set a new North American record and which he later turned into the world’s largest jack o’lantern.

“I was not expecting that. It was quite the feeling,” says Gienger, a 43-year-old landscape and horticulture teacher at Anoka Technical College, to the Associated Press (AP). He has been growing pumpkins since he was a teenager, following in the footsteps of his father.

With a massive $2 billion reported investment from Google, Anthropic joins OpenAI in reaping the benefits of leadership in the artificial intelligence space, receiving immense sums from the tech giants that couldn’t move fast enough themselves. A byword for the age: Those who can, build; those who can’t, invest.

The funding deal, according to sources familiar cited by The Wall Street Journal, reportedly involves $500 million now and up to $1.5 billion later, though subject to what, if any, timing or conditions is unclear. I’ve asked Anthropic for comment on the matter.

It recalls — though it does not quite match — Microsoft’s enormous investment in OpenAI early this year. But with Amazon committing to as much as $4 billion to Anthropic, the funding gap is probably more theoretical than practical.

Now, in three papers that together exceed 150 pages, Guàrdia and two collaborators have proved for the first time that instability inevitably arises in a model of planets orbiting a sun.

“The result is really very spectacular,” said Gabriella Pinzari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Padua in Italy. “The authors proved a theorem that is one of the most beautiful theorems that one could prove.” It could also help explain why our solar system looks the way it does.

A highly unstable nucleus that decays by emitting five protons has been observed, offering an extreme case for testing nuclear models.

Researchers have found evidence of an extremely unstable nucleus for which more than half of the component particles are unbound, meaning that they are not tightly connected to the dense core of the nucleus [1]. The nucleus, nitrogen-9, is composed of a small helium-like core surrounded by five untethered protons that quickly escape after the nucleus’s formation. Previous experiments have seen at most four unbound protons in a nucleus. The research team had to carefully sift through a large volume of nuclear-collision data to identify the nitrogen-9 decays. This barely bound nucleus poses a unique challenge to theories of nuclear structure.

A nucleus with a large imbalance between its numbers of protons and neutrons is less stable than one in which the numbers are similar. In the extreme cases, these proton-or neutron-rich isotopes are unbound, meaning that one or more nucleons escape during decay. The boundaries between bound and unbound states—both on the proton-rich and on the neutron-rich sides of the nuclear landscape—are called drip lines. Researchers are interested in finding nuclei beyond the drip lines because they offer tests of models at the limits of nuclear existence. These exotic nuclei may also play a role in the formation of heavy elements in supernovae and in neutron star mergers.

Researchers have developed a new computer simulation of the early universe that closely aligns with observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Initial JWST observations hinted that something may be amiss in our understanding of early galaxy formation. The first galaxies studied by JWST appeared to be brighter and more massive than theoretical expectations.

The findings, published in The Open Journal of Astrophysics, by researchers at Maynooth University, Ireland, with collaborators from US-based Georgia Institute of Technology, show that observations made by JWST do not contradict theoretical expectations. The so-called “Renaissance simulations” used by the team are a series of highly sophisticated computer simulations of galaxy formation in the early universe.

“There is this kind of power the images have. It really isn’t from us. We’re creating the context in which you can appreciate them, but we’re not forcing it,” Kahn said.

In the background, award-winning actress Michelle Williams narrates what we see, which, Kahn admits, was a bit of a deviation from his usual filmmaking blueprint.

“Many of my films are done just through putting together interviews with people or encounters with people,” he said. Or in other words, there is no doctored narrative.

In March of this year, astronomers detected a brilliant burst of gamma rays more than a million times more luminous than our entire galaxy. It was the second brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected and lasted some 200 seconds.

A study published today in Nature reports that this object was a collision of neutron stars one million light-years distant. What’s more, thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers were able to see that the blast also served as a cosmic chemical factory, forging some of the rarest chemicals found on Earth.

“The most robust evidence that the merger of two neutron stars caused this burst comes from its kilonova,” says lead author Andrew Levan of Radboud University in the Netherlands, referring to the optical and infrared light coming from the uber-sized explosion.

Scientists discovered a molten layer at the base of Mars’s mantle that affects its evolution and magnetic field.

A new study has revealed that Mars has a layer of molten silicates at the base of its mantle, above its metallic core. This finding challenges the previous estimates of the internal structure of the red planet, which were based on the first data from the InSight mission.

The InSight mission, which landed on Mars in 2018, deployed a seismometer to measure the seismic waves generated by quakes and meteorite impacts on the planet. By analyzing these waves, scientists could infer the size and density of Mars’s core, mantle, and crust in a series of papers published in 2021.