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Category: neuroscience – Page 8

Transcranial magnetic stimulation can target a deep brain region without surgery or medication

Neuroscientists at University of Iowa Health Care have demonstrated for the first time that noninvasive brain stimulation can alter the activity of a critical deep brain region involved in emotion and memory. Moreover, the study shows that personalizing the stimulation site using a patient’s unique brain connectivity pathway can increase the neuromodulation effect.

The study, published recently in Nature Communications, used innovative, concurrent brain stimulation and recording techniques in people to provide direct human evidence that noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can reliably engage and modulate activity in the hippocampus.

The hippocampus is a deep brain region that plays a critical role in multiple brain functions, such as memory and emotion. Problems with hippocampal function have been implicated in several neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Association of White Matter Hyperintensities, Regional Brain Glucose Metabolism, and Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Negative Patients

This study examined whether periventricular white matter hyperintensities relate to region-specific cortical hypometabolism and metabolism mediates domain-specific cognition in Aβ-negative individuals.

Letters to the Editor.

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View the Letters for this article.

Cytomegalovirus Drives the Development of Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Background and ObjectivesChronic immune activation is a hallmark of latent viral infections and autoimmune disorders, profoundly shaping immune cell phenotypes, including CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4 CTL). The mechanisms underlying CD4 CTL…

New sensor could allow MRIs to see molecular-level changes

You’ve seen people sliding into the tube of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine on your favorite medical drama, or maybe you’ve been inside one yourself, waiting as the noisy scanner makes images of your brain, heart, bones, or other structures, which doctors use to identify injury or disease.

Since the 1970s, MRIs have been important diagnostic tools, combining a magnetic field and radio waves to produce snapshots of the body’s interior without using ionizing radiation, which can create health risks at higher doses. An MRI can typically capture changes in anatomy, but the molecular-level changes that could further aid understanding of disease have been beyond its reach.

Now, in a new article in Science Advances, University of California, Santa Barbara researchers report the invention of a modular, genetically encoded, protein-based sensor that enables MRI machines to visualize molecular activity inside cells—a development that could transform how scientists study cancer, neurodegeneration, and inflammation.

The neuroscience of hypocrisy points to a communication breakdown in the brain

Half of the participants received actual stimulation aimed at the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The other half received a fake version of the treatment, known as a sham stimulation. After the procedure, all participants completed the same card game and judgment exercises.

The people who received the real brain stimulation showed a wider gap between their behavior and their judgments. By disrupting the normal function of the brain region, the researchers successfully made people more hypocritical. This proved that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex directly controls moral consistency.

These results suggest that moral consistency is not an automatic trait. It is a biological process that relies on the brain’s ability to sync up different types of information. “Our findings suggest that we should treat moral consistency like a skill that can be strengthened through deliberate decision making,” says senior author Hongwen Song of the University of Science and Technology of China.

Chemokines CXCL9 and CCL2 in Relation to Cerebral White Matter Disease, Cognitive Decline, and DementiaThe Northern Manhattan Study

This large cohort study showed that higher serum CXCL9 was associated with greater burden of white matter disease in the brain, independent of vascular risk factors, renal function, and genetic predisposition, supporting a role for CXCL9 in white matter pathogenesis.

Background and Objectives.

Prevalence of early-stage type 1 diabetes in young adults: a population-based cohort study

Individual variability in synaptic gene expression and synapse density in induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons predicted macro-scale alterations in gray matter volume and gamma-band activity in patients with Schizophrenia.

SIRS2026.

This genetic association study tests whether genetically driven variability in excitatory neurons’ transcriptome and synapse density in patient-derived neurons in vitro explain individual changes in cortical morphology, electrophysiology, and cognitive impairments in vivo.

Development of a Diagnostic Autoantibody Assay to a Consensus Motif for the Risk Prediction of Epstein-Barr Virus–Related Multiple Sclerosis

Background and ObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive, demyelinating autoimmune CNS disease. Autoantibodies to the motif P-(SA)-x-(SGA)-R-(SN)-(LRKH) are a class of predictive markers specific to MS that could add to emerging…

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