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Tracing the Abyss: The Spacetime of a Supermassive Black Hole

Nobel Laureate Andrea Ghez joins Brian Greene to explore her decade’s long pursuit of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

This program is part of the Big Ideas series, supported by the John Templeton Foundation.

Participant: Andrea Ghez.
Moderator: Brian Greene.

00:00 Introduction.
00:46 The Discovery of a Supermassive Black Hole.
01:50 Early Influences and Childhood Curiosity.
03:01 The Impact of the Moon Landing.
04:16 From Math to Physics.
05:42 Women in Science.
07:30 Falling in Love with Astronomy and Telescopes.
09:01 Supermassive vs. Stellar Black Holes.
12:05 Overcoming Doubts in Scientific Research.
15:33 The Search for the Black Hole in the Milky Way.
18:00 Developing Techniques for Infrared Astronomy.
21:12 The Long Journey to a Scientific Breakthrough.
24:45 The Moment of Discovery.
30:20 The Future of Black Hole Research.
32:45 Closing Thoughts and Advice for Aspiring Scientists.
35:10 Unlocking the Mysteries of the Universe.
41:30 Q&A

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Could a Mirror Universe Be Moving Backward in Time? — Time-Reversed Universe: Matter vs Antimatter

The **article** presents the intriguing hypothesis of a two-sided universe with matter and antimatter moving in opposite time directions from the Big Bang. It **explores** the concept of time reversal through the lens of quantum mechanics, using examples like electron-positron annihilation and the theoretical potential of black holes for backward time movement. **Symmetry**, especially CPT symmetry, is highlighted as a cornerstone of physics, suggesting a mirror universe moving backward in time might exist without violating physical laws. **Ideas** such as the “one electron universe” are presented, considering electrons as a single particle moving back and forth through time. However, the article **acknowledges** the importance of broken symmetry, particularly the matter-antimatter imbalance, for the universe’s existence.

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Is Inflation DEAD? Neil Turok’s Startling Mirror Universe Theory

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Is the key to understanding our universe hidden in its mirror image? Are the answers cosmologists seek much simpler than we think? And can we explain the origin of the universe without inflation?

Here today to share his bold new theory is the renowned physicist and cosmologist Neil Turok. Neil, who specializes in mathematical and early-universe physics, is the Higgs Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Edinburgh and Director Emeritus of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Recently, he’s been getting a lot of attention for proposing a simpler, more testable cosmological model that replaces inflation with a CPT-symmetric Mirror Universe, explaining dark matter, cosmic flatness, and density variations without adding unnecessary complexity.

Join us as we explore this provocative new theory in depth!

👉 ‘Cosmic Inflation’: did the early cosmos balloon in size? A mirror universe going backwards in time may be a simpler explanation by Neil Turok: https://shorturl.at/jr8kd.

An equation of state for dense nuclear matter such as neutron stars

Neutron stars are some of the densest objects in the universe. They are the core of a collapsed megastar that went supernova, have a typical radius of 10 km—just slightly more than the altitude of Mt. Everest—and their density can be several times that of atomic nuclei.

Physicists love extreme objects like this because they require them to stretch their theories into new realms and see if they are confirmed or if they break, requiring new thinking and new science.

For the first time, researchers have used lattice quantum chromodynamics to study the interior of neutron stars, obtaining a new maximum bound for the speed of sound inside the star and a better understanding of how pressure, temperature and other properties there relate to one another.

Dark Matter’s Secret: A Daring Experiment Seeks the Elusive Axion

Scientists are hunting for axions, tiny particles that could solve major physics mysteries, including why neutrons don’t have an electric dipole moment and what dark matter is made of. Using the powerful European XFEL in Hamburg, researchers fired X-rays through special crystals, hoping to witness axions converting into light—a sign of their existence. This pioneering experiment, already competitive with major particle accelerator studies, demonstrates that XFEL technology could be a game-changer in particle physics.

First dark matter search using WINERED spectrograph sets new lifetime constraints

Dark matter is an elusive type of matter that does not emit, absorb or reflect light and is thus impossible to detect using conventional techniques employed in particle physics. In recent years, groups of physicists worldwide have been trying to observe this matter indirectly using advanced detectors and equipment, by detecting signals other than electromagnetic radiation that could be linked to its activity or interactions with other matter.

Researchers at Tokyo Metropolitan University, PhotoCross Co. Ltd, Kyoto Sangyo University and other collaborating institutions recently released the findings of the first search for dark matter that relied on data collected by WINERED, a near-infrared and high-dispersion spectrograph mounted on a in Chile.

Their paper, published in Physical Review Letters, sets the most stringent constraints to date on the lifetime of dark matter particles with masses between 1.8 and 2.7 eV.

Breakthrough AI Reveals the Universe’s Hidden Signals

A new AI-driven tool allows scientists to analyze vast amounts of LIGO

LIGO, or the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. There are two LIGO observatories in the United States—one in Hanford, Washington, and the other in Livingston, Louisiana. These observatories use laser interferometry to measure the minute ripples in spacetime caused by passing gravitational waves from cosmic events, such as the collisions of black holes or neutron stars.

No More Singularities? Quantum Gravity Could Finally Solve the Black Hole Mystery

A black hole is a place in space where the gravitational field is so strong that not even light can escape it. Astronomers classify black holes into three categories by size: miniature, stellar, and supermassive black holes. Miniature black holes could have a mass smaller than our Sun and supermassive black holes could have a mass equivalent to billions of our Sun.

New Maps of the Bizarre, Chaotic Space-Time Inside Black Holes

In the late 1960s, physicists like Charles Misner proposed that the regions surrounding singularities—points of infinite density at the centers of black holes—might exhibit chaotic behavior, with space and time undergoing erratic contractions and expansions. This concept, termed the “Mixmaster universe,” suggested that an astronaut venturing into such a black hole would experience a tumultuous mixing of their body parts, akin to the action of a kitchen mixer.

S general theory of relativity, which describes the gravitational dynamics of black holes, employs complex mathematical formulations that intertwine multiple equations. Historically, researchers like Misner introduced simplifying assumptions to make these equations more tractable. However, even with these assumptions, the computational tools of the time were insufficient to fully explore the chaotic nature of these regions, leading to a decline in related research. + Recently, advancements in mathematical techniques and computational power have reignited interest in studying the chaotic environments near singularities. Physicists aim to validate the earlier approximations made by Misner and others, ensuring they accurately reflect the predictions of Einsteinian gravity. Moreover, by delving deeper into the extreme conditions near singularities, researchers hope to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics, potentially leading to a unified theory of quantum gravity.

Understanding the intricate and chaotic space-time near black hole singularities not only challenges our current physical theories but also promises to shed light on the fundamental nature of space and time themselves.


Physicists hope that understanding the churning region near singularities might help them reconcile gravity and quantum mechanics.