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New research finds RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule similar to DNA that is essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. Both are nucleic acids, but unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. An RNA strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases—adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine ©, or guanine (G). Different types of RNA exist in the cell: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s research in quantum biology and AI has significantly improved the efficiency of CRISPR Cas9 genome editing in microbes, aiding in renewable energy development.

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) used their expertise in quantum biology, artificial intelligence, and bioengineering to improve how CRISPR Cas9 genome editing tools work on organisms like microbes that can be modified to produce renewable fuels and chemicals.

CRISPR is a powerful tool for bioengineering, used to modify genetic code to improve an organism’s performance or to correct mutations. The CRISPR Cas9 tool relies on a single, unique guide RNA.

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Continue reading “What If We Became A Type I Civilization? 15 Predictions” »

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have used their expertise in quantum biology, artificial intelligence and bioengineering to improve how CRISPR Cas9 genome editing tools work on organisms like microbes that can be modified to produce renewable fuels and chemicals.

CRISPR is a powerful tool for bioengineering, used to modify genetic code to improve an organism’s performance or to correct mutations. The CRISPR Cas9 tool relies on a single, unique guide RNA that directs the Cas9 enzyme to bind with and cleave the corresponding targeted site in the genome.

Existing models to computationally predict effective guide RNAs for CRISPR tools were built on data from only a few model species, with weak, inconsistent efficiency when applied to microbes.

The University of Oxford researchers for the first time showcased that neural cells can be 3D printed to replicate the structure of the brain’s outer layer: the cerebral cortex.

In a significant breakthrough, scientists have created brain tissue using human stem cells through 3D printing. This advancement holds promise for potential future applications in treating brain injuries.

For the first time, the University of Oxford researchers showcased that neural cells can be 3D printed to replicate the structure of the brain’s outer layer: the cerebral cortex.

Continue reading “New 3D printing approach offers hope for brain injury repair” »

A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examines the use of Softbotics to mimic the movements of the ancient marine organism, pleurocystitid, which is estimated to have existed approximately 450 million years ago and is believed to be one of the first marine invertebrates to control their movements with a muscular stem. This study was led by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and holds the potential to help scientists use a new field known as Paleobionics to better understand the evolutionary history of extinct organisms with paleontological evidence.

Image of a Pleurocystitid fossil (inset) and the pleurocystitid robot replica developed for the study. (Credit: Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering)

“Softbotics is another approach to inform science using soft materials to construct flexible robot limbs and appendages,” said Dr. Carmel Majidi, who is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University and lead author of the study. “Many fundamental principles of biology and nature can only fully be explained if we look back at the evolutionary timeline of how animals evolved. We are building robot analogues to study how locomotion has changed.”

Cancer is a malignant disease referring to the uncontrollable proliferation of mutated cells. Millions of individuals are affected by cancer each year in the United States alone. Unfortunately, treatment is limited due to the heterogeneity of the disease and different components, which drive the disease to progress. The proliferation of cells can occur anywhere in the body including different organs such as breast, lung, pancreas, and head and neck. Cancer can also affect the reproductive tract in both men and women including the testes and ovaries, respectively. Particularly, ovarian cancer is linked with breast cancer and can result in infertility due to late detection. Due to limited therapeutic efficacy in ovarian cancer, more research is necessary for a meaningful solution. Different groups are working to more effectively target ovarian cancer through different biologic approaches.

Dr. David B. Weiner and his team from the Wistar Institute recently published an article in Science Advances demonstrating enhanced immunotherapeutic effects in ovarian cancer patients. Immunotherapy refers to a form of cancer therapy that directs the immune system to attack the tumor. In many immunotherapies, immune cells, such as T cells, are activated to kill tumors. This is a unique approach to target cancer compared to chemotherapy or radiation, which tries to directly kill tumor cells and elicit an immune response. Immunotherapy allows the immune system to recognize the tumor and react through the body’s immune system. One prominent immune cell includes natural killer (NK) cells which responsible for initial lying or killing of foreign particles. Novel work has tried to engineer NK cells to target tumors by recognizing unique receptors on its surface.

Weiner’s team and collaborator, Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen, have engineered monoclonal antibodies to engage NK cells to lyse cancer. Interestingly, the team demonstrated this immunotherapeutic regimen optimized preclinical output in mice when combined with checkpoint inhibitors, another type of immunotherapy. The group engineered antibodies to target a glyco-immune marker on most NK cells referred to as Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec-7). The novel combination strategy targets NK cells through Siglec-7 and T cells to optimize immune response against tumor cells. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting Siglec-7 allows NK cells to become activated and kill ovarian cancer cells without killing non-cancer cells, which improve specificity and reduce toxicity for patients. Consequently, this antibody resulted in generating a new class of NK cell engagers (NKCE).

Washington [US], March 5 (ANI): A team of researchers from Michigan State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine made a discovery that may have significance for therapeutic gene editing strategies, cancer diagnostics and therapies and other advancements in biotechnology. Kathy Meek, a professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine, and collaborators at Cambridge University and the National Institutes of Health have uncovered a previously unknown aspect of how DNA double-stranded breaks are repaired.

A large protein kinase called DNA-PK starts the DNA repair process; in their new report, two distinct DNA-PK protein complexes are characterized, each of which has a specific role in DNA repair that cannot be assumed by the other.

“It still gives me chills,” says Meek. “I don’t think anyone would have predicted this.”

Engineered vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyping offers an essential method for exploring virus–cell interactions, particularly for viruses that require high biosafety levels. Although this approach has been employed effectively, the current methodologies for virus visualization and labeling can interfere with infectivity and lead to misinterpretation of results. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach combining genetic code expansion (GCE) and click chemistry with pseudotyped VSV to produce highly fluorescent and infectious pseudoviruses (clickVSVs). These clickVSVs enable robust and precise virus–cell interaction studies without compromising the biological function of the viral surface proteins. We evaluated this approach by generating VSVs bearing a unique chemical handle for click labeling and assessing the infectivity in relevant cell lines.